Ako ste mislili da možete da funkcionišete sa minimalno sna, evo informacije koja će vas razbuditi: Delovi vašeg mozga mogu da dremaju čak i kada ste totalno budni, prema novim istraživanjima na pacovima.

Naučnici su posmatrali električnu aktivnost mozga kod pacova koje su primorali da ostanu budni duže nego inače. Delovi mozga zaduženi za rešavanje problema su zapali u “lokalni san” – stanje slično kao kod ljudi koji su lišeni sna.

“Iznenađujuća je činjenica, da kada se pacovi nalaze u ovakvom stadijumu, vi niste sigurni da li se njihovo stanje razlikuje od potpune budnosti“, rekao je Giulio Tononi, ko-autor, i neurolog na Univerzitetu Wiskonsin.

Periodi “lokalnog sna” nije samo interesantno za posmatranje, ono zapravo utiče na vas da pravite greške.

Na primer, naučnici su postavili pacova da šapama dotakne šargarepu, i oni koju su bili lišeni sna imali su poteškoća da to urade.

Spavanje dozvoljava resetovanje neurona?

Tononi i kolege su zabeležile električnu aktivnost laboratorijskih pacova preko EEG senzora priključenih na glavu glodara. Kao što su i pretpostavili dok je pacov budan, nervne ćelije koje šalju signal mozgu – neredovno su slale signal mozgu.

Dok su pacovi spavali, njihovi neuroni su manje otkazivali, po regularnom obrascu koje prikazuje EEG. Zvano “nepomeranje očiju”, ova faza spavanja broji oko 80 % celokupnog sna kako kod pacova tako i kod ljudi.

Tim je otkrio da je cerebralni korteks kod preumornih pacova upao u fazu sporih talasa koja u suštini predstavlja spavanje.

Zašto spavamo?

Prema teoriji, kako neuroni konstantno beleže nove informacije, u jednom trenutku zahtevaju da se “isključe”  kako bi se resetovali i osposobili za novo učenje.

“Ako je ova hipoteza tačna, to znači da u nekoj tački vi počinjete da pretrpavate neurone informacijama – dosežete granicu koju mogu da prime”. izjavio je Tononi.

“Prema tome neuroni uzimaju odmor čak i kada ne bi trebalo to da čine – i to je cena koju morate da platite  zbog pravljenja “glupih” grešaka. “

Čak i kada su opomenuti ljudi prave greške

“Lišavanje sna može imati ozbiljne posledice, a to je učestalije pravljenje grešaka”

Mnogi ljudi, dobiju groznicu. 2008. godine oko 29% tinejdžera SAD-a prijavilo je da spava manje od 7 h preko noći, a od 50 do 70 miliona je imalo hroničnu pospanost i nesanicu. Tinejdžerima je neophodno od sedam do devet sati spavanja dnevno.

Tononi ističe da čak i ne morate da se osećate pospano da biste zabrljali nešto.

“Čak i kada se osećate sposobnim i mislite da se osećate dobro, neki delovi vašeg mozga možda to i nisu, a to su baš oni delovi koji donose odluke.”

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Fotografije snimljene iz vazduha

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Glavni grad: Brazilija
Znamenitosti: Statua Hrista na Corcavado planini, plaža Copacabana
Veći gradovi: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Brazilija
Ko ogladni u Brazilu, neka zna da će za obrok sigurno dobiti nešto od sledećih namirnica: pirinač ili pasulj, govedinu, salatu, farofu (mešavina brašna), pržen krompir ili bananu.

Nacionalno piće je kafa i cachaça (Brazilski liker napravljen od soka sveže trske – nalik rumu)

Valuta: Real = 100 sentavosa

Kada neko čuje reč Brazil dobije asocijaciju Amazonskih šuma, fantastičnih plaža, izvanredne fudbalske igrače, Karneval i slično. Najposećenija mesta u Brazilu su: Fernando de Noronha Island, Rio de Janeiro i  Sao Paulo, Salvador, Ouro Preto, Olinda, Recife.

Poznate osobe iz Brazila: Adriana Lima,  Paolo Coelho, Ronaldinjo, Kaká, Ronaldo…

Upoznajte Brazil

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12►

• She would’t have been upset if you had told (tell) her what it was about.

• The police car is across the street. I have been watching (watch) it for an hour but nothing has happened (happen) yet.

• I would be (be) very grateful if you helped me.
• When I entered the room, two people were sitting (sit) by the table. One of them asked me if I had heard the latest news. (ask, hear)
• I am not sure, but I think he must have taken it before he went out. (take)
• If I post the letter now, when >will< it be delivered (deliver)?
• If he had run faster, he would have caught the bus. (catch)
• For a moment she looked as if she was going to say something. (go)
• I’m not tired enough to go to bed now. I wouldn’t sleep if I went to bed now.( sleep, go)
• I decided to stay at home. I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired. (be)
• Why didn’t you stay in Paris? I (stay) if i (have) enough money.

A sad malo da vas proverimo (rešenja će kasnije izaći)

• If I (have) any trouble with my health I (go) to my doctor at once.
• He asked me if I (play) golf.
• If you had enough practise, you (not have) any problem now.
• What (do) you, if they refuse to help you?
• If I (tired), I (go) home earlier.
• If I (have) more free time, I (go) swimming every day.
• (Writte) to me if I (give) you my adress?
• If Maria (miss) a train, she (be) late.
• If you had enough money, (go) to England?
• If I (am) you, I (get) a new job.

Rešenja:

• If I had any trouble with my health, I would go to my doctor at once.
• He asked me if I played golf.
• If you had enough practise, you wouldn’t have any problem now.
• What will you do, if they refuse to help you.
• If I was tired, I woud go home earlier.
• If I had had more free time, I would have gone.
• Would you writte to me, if I gave you my address?
• If Maria had missed a train, she would have been late.
• If you had enough money, would you go to England?
• Why did’nt you stay in Paris? I would have stayed if I had had enough money.
• If I were you, I would get a new job.

1. You should have returned the money before he asked for it. (return)
2. He has been studying for months and he hasn’t made any progress. (study; not make)
3. He hasn’t phoned. He may have lost my number. (lose)
4. When they reached the airport the plane (ovde se ubacuje pomoćni glagol had iako nema crte)  already taken off (take off).
5. I’m affraid you can’t see Mr. Smith at the moment. He is being interviewed by the manager. (interview)
6. I’ll let you know as soon as I have finished . (finish)

npr. I had finished the job.

Upitni oblik: gradi se putem inverzije

Had I finished the job?

Upotreba:

1. Koristi se za prošlu radnju koja se desila pre neke druge prošle radnje.

When we arrived the bus has gone.

2. Koristi se za radnju koja se desila u prošlosti pre određenog vremenskog perioda u prošlosti.

We had arrived by six.

Prilozi: before, after